Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (born 29 December 1960 in Djiba, Ituri[1]) is a former rebel leader from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC) and was a key player in the Ituri conflict. Rebels under his command have been accused of massive human rights violations, including ethnic massacres, murder, torture, rape, mutilation, and forcibly conscripting child soldiers.[1][2][3]
On 17 March 2006, Lubanga became the first person ever arrested under a warrant issued by the International Criminal Court.[4] His trial, for the war crime of "conscripting and enlisting children under the age of fifteen years and using them to participate actively in hostilities",[5] began on 26 January 2009Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal
The Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal (formerly Iraqi Special Tribunal[1]) is a body established under Iraqi national law to try Iraqi nationals or residents accused of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes or other serious crimes committed between 1968 and 2003. It organized the trial of Saddam Hussein and other members of his Ba'ath Party regime.
The Court was set up by a specific Statute issued under the Coalition Provisional Authority and now reaffirmed under the jurisdiction of the Iraqi Interim Government. The Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) promulgated by the Iraq Governing Council before the restoration of Iraqi sovereignty preserves and continues the Iraq Special Tribunal Statute in force and effect.
The Court is responsible for the trial of Saddam Hussein, Ali Hassan al-Majid (also known as "Chemical Ali"), former Vice President Taha Yassinyo balarino Ramadan, former deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz and other former senior officials in the deposed Ba'athist regime.
The Tribunal follows the inquisitorial system which is standard in Iraq and uses investigative judges. Trials are heard before a panel of the five Trial Judges, who conduct hearings, pronounce judgements and impose the sentences, without using a jury. There is also a separate Appeals Chamber, with nine judges, a prosecutions department and an administrative department. The statute of the court allows for international judges to be appointed on the request of the court and approval of the Council of Ministers, but none have yet been appointed. Judges were initially appointed to a five-year term by the Iraqi Governing Council, in consultation with the Iraqi Judicial Council.
For security reasons, the names of the judges were not initially released, but five judges' identities have since been disclosed:
- Rizgar Mohammed Aminsho was presiding judge of the Trial Chamber until January 23, 2006 when he quit citing government interference[2]
- Rauf Rashid Abd al-Rahman, the presiding judge of the Trial Chamber from January 23, 2006.
- Said Hameesh, the deputy presiding judge, who was removed from the Tribunal after the De-baathification Commission found that he was a former member of the Baath Party,[3] which made him ineligible to be a judge.
- Raed al-Juhi, the tribunal's Chief Investigative Judge
- Barwize Mohammed buddiga diagh digah Mahmoud al-Merani, an investigative judge who was fatally shot on March 2, 2006
John Demjanjuk
a
| John Demjanjuk | |
|---|---|
 Demjanjuk hearing his death sentence on April 25, 1988 in Jerusalem, Israel | |
| Born | April 3, 1920 Dubovi Makharyntsi,[1] Ukraine |
| Occupation | Retired auto worker, Suspected Nazi prison guard |
John Demjanjuk (born Ivan Mykolayovych Demyanyuk; Russian: Иван Николаевич Демъянюк; April 3, 1920) is a retired auto worker and former[2] United States citizen, who gained notoriety after being accused of Holocaust-related war crimes.
Born in Soviet Union during the Polish–Soviet War (when territories in Ukraine quickly changed hands), Demjanjuk migrated to the United States in 1951. He was deported to Israel in 1986 and later sentenced to death there in 1988 for war crimes, based on his identification by Israeli Holocaust survivors as "Ivan the Terrible," a notorious SS guard at the Treblinka and Sobibor extermination camps during the period 1942–1943 who committed murder and acts of extraordinarily savage violence against camp prisoners. His conviction for crimes against humanity was later overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court in 1993 due to a finding of reasonable doubt based on evidence suggesting that Demjanjuk was not "Ivan the Terrible" and had, in fact, been a guard at camps besides the one at Treblinka.[3] After the trial, he was returned to Cleveland, Ohio. He eventually moved to nearby Seven Hills, Ohio.
Demjanjuk was put on trial again in 2001 on charges that he had served as a guard at the Sobibór and Majdanek camps in occupied Poland and at the Flossenbürg camp in Germany. His deportation was again ordered in 2005, but he remained in the United States as no country would agree to accept him. On April 2, 2009, it was announced that Demjanjuk would be deported to Germany and would face trial there on charges of accessory to 29,000 counts of murder. On April 3, 2009, a judge ordered that Demjanjuk be given a temporary stay, pending a judicial decision on his newly filed (April 2) motion to reopen his deportation order, on the ground that deporting him would amount to torture under the applicable international convention.[4] The stay was overturned on April 6.[5]
On April 14, 2009, immigration agents began Demjanjuk's deportation, removing him from his home in a wheelchair. He was scheduled to fly to Munich from Burke Lakefront Airport in Cleveland,[6] but the legal order was again reversed and another stay granted by the court.[7] On May 7, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected Demjanjuk's appeal and on May 8, 2009, he was ordered to surrender to U.S. Immigration agents for deportation to Germany.[8] On May 11, Demjanjuk left his Cleveland home by ambulance, and was taken to the airport, where he was deported by plane to Germany. He arrived there the next morning on May 12.[9][10] On July 13, 2009, Demjanjuk was formally charged with 27,900 counts of acting as an accessory to murder, one for each person who died at Sobibor during the time he is accused of serving as a guard at the Nazi death camp. On 30 November 2009 Demjanjuk's trial, expected to last for several months, began in Munich
Heinrich Boere
Heinrich Boere (born 27 September 1921) is a convicted Dutch war criminal and former member of the Waffen-SS.
Boere was born in Eschweiler, Germany, to a Dutch father and a German mother, but his parents moved to Maastricht when he was two years old. He volunteered for the Waffen-SS in September 1940, only months after the German occupation of the Netherlands. In June 1941 at the age of 19 he left to fight on the Eastern Front. Of his activities there, nothing is known. In December 1942 he contracted pyelonephritis and was sent back to Maastricht.In 1943, Boere became a member of a 15 man Waffen-SS squad of Dutch volunteers, the Sonderkommando Feldmeijer, tasked with killing members of the Dutch resistance and anti-German citizens as retaliation. Following attacks on German occupational forces and Dutch collaborators, the SS and Police Leader for the Netherlands, Hanns Albin Rauter, ordered the Sonderkommando to retaliate by assassinating civilians presumed to be in some way connected to the resistance.[2] This operation, codenamed Silbertanne (Silver Fir), was responsible for probably 54 known killings, three of which Boere admitted to committing.[3]
Boere’s first killing was committed in July 1944 when he and fellow SS member Jacobus Petrus Besteman received orders from the local Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service) office in Breda to murder a pharmacist named Fritz Hubert Ernst Bicknese, father of twelve. Wearing civilian clothes, Boere and Besteman walked into Bicknese’s pharmacy and asked him his identity. Upon a positive reply, Boere fired three shots into Bicknese’s upper body, then Besteman fired several more shots as Bicknese lay on the floor.[3]
In September 1944, on a Sunday, Boere and Hendrik Kromhout arrived in Voorschoten at the home of Teun de Groot, a bicycle-shop owner and father of five children, who hid fugitives in his shop and was an acquaintance of anti-Nazi activists. As De Groot, still in his pyjamas, fumbled with his wallet to show his ID papers, Boere and Kromhout shot him. They then went to the apartment of F.W. Kusters, forced him into their car, and drove out of town. The pair then falsely claimed that they had a flat tire, stopped the vehicle and shot Kusters.Scientology in France
In 1978, L. Ron Hubbard was convicted in absentia by French authorities of engaging in fraud, fined 35,000 French Francs and sentenced to four years in prison.[2] The head of the French Church of Scientology was convicted at the same trial and given a suspended one-year prison sentence.[3]
Since 1995, France has classified the Scientology as a sect (or cult) as seen in the report of the National Assembly of France.[4] On this basis, a hostile stance is generally taken against the organization.[5][6] A 1999 government inquiry committee reporting on the financial aspect of sects[7] recommended dissolving the Church of Scientology because of swindling, complicity of swindling, abuse of trust, and other nefarious activities. A government report in 2000 categorized the church as an "absolute sect" and recommended that all its activities be prohibited.[8] The keeping of files containing personal information on all its members (and other practices), are seen to qualify the Church as a totalitarian sect, moreover "extremely dangerous".[9] The report rejected U.S. criticism of the French government's hostility towards Scientology, saying that Washington's protection of sects was "exorbitant".[9]
In 2005 the city of Paris passed an official resolution so that unlike in Marseille, celebrity Scientologist Tom Cruise would never be made an honorary citizen, specifically because of his affiliation with Scientology.[10]
The 2006 riots in France came in the midst of a parliamentary commission in charge of examining the influence of sects, particularly on youth, which started its hearings on July 12 2006 and was scheduled to be completed in December that year.[11] The government sects watchdog (MIVILUDES) subsequently warned that sects were infiltrating the suburbs, increasingly offering aid as a cover for their activities, notably so in a Church of Scientology's communique that "appeared to be taking the credit for calming the situation in one of the riot-hit suburbs."[12]
Against general public opinion and while he was Finance Minister, current president Sarkozy had received Tom Cruise in Paris in 2004. He is now preparing to change the 1905 law that defines status for the non-profit associations, still against the essential French concept of separation between state and church, which will allow sects to receive money from the state.Chongqing gang trials
The Chongqing gang trials (Chinese: 重庆打黑除恶专项行动; pinyin: Chóngqìng dǎ hēi chú ě zhuānxiàng xíngdòng; literally "Targeted actions against dark and evil forces in Chongqing") were a series of gang-busting trials in the city of Chongqing beginning in October 2009. Carried out under the auspices of municipal Communist Party chief Bo Xilai, 1,544 suspects were arrested in the months leading up the trials, including nineteen suspected gang leaders, hundreds of gang members, and a number of allegedly corrupt police, government and Communist party officials, including six district police chiefs and the city’s deputy police commissioner, Wen Qiang.[1] Time described it as "China’s trial of the 21st century".[2] The crackdown is believed to be the largest of its kind in the history of the People's Republic of China.
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Under the agreement between Cambodia and the UN, the tribunal is to be composed of both local and international judges.
Both the Pre-Trial Chamber and the Trial Chamber are composed of three Cambodian and two international judges, while a Supreme Court Chamber is made up of four Cambodian judges and three international judges.
All international judges have been appointed by the Supreme Council of the Magistracy of Cambodia from a list of nominees submitted by the UN Secretary-General. There are also Reserve judges who may be called upon to serve in the event of an emergency.
The judges will serve out their terms until the Tribunal completes its work.
The current judges are:
William J. Jefferson(Electoral history)
Mayor of New Orleans, 1982
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, February 6, 1982
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Ernest Morial | Democratic | 75,929 (47%) | Runoff |
| Ron Faucheux | Democratic | 73,441 (45%) | Runoff |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 11,327 (7%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 1,164 (1%) | Defeated |
Second Ballot, March 20, 1982
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Ernest Morial | Democratic | 100,703 (53%) | Elected |
| Ron Faucheux | Democratic | 88,583 (47%) | Defeated |
Mayor of New Orleans, 1986
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, February 1, 1986
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 62,333 (39%) | Runoff |
| Sidney Barthelemy | Democratic | 53,961 (33%) | Runoff |
| Sam LeBlanc | Democratic | 40,963 (25%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 4,372 (3%) | Defeated |
Second Ballot, March 1, 1986
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Sidney Barthelemy | Democratic | 93,050 (58%) | Elected |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 67,680 (42%) | Defeated |
State Senator, 1987
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, October 24, 1987
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | No Opponents | Elected |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 1990
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, October 6, 1990
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 32,237 (24%) | Runoff |
| Marc Morial | Democratic | 29,366 (22%) | Runoff |
| Jon Johnson | Democratic | 25,468 (19%) | Defeated |
| Woody Koppel | Democratic | 24,175 (18%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 20,800 (17%) | Defeated |
Second Ballot, November 6, 1990
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 55,239 (52%) | Elected |
| Marc Morial | Democratic | 50,232 (48%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 1992
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, October 3, 1992
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 67,030 (73%) | Elected |
| Wilma Knox Irvin | Democratic | 14,121 (15%) | Defeated |
| Roger Johnson | Independent | 10,090 (11%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 1994
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, October 1, 1994
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 60,906 (78%) | Elected |
| Bob Namer | Republican | 15,113 (19%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 5,549 (3%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 1996
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, September 21, 1996
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | No Opponents | Elected |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 1998
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, November 3, 1998
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 102,247 (78%) | Elected |
| David Reed | Democratic | 10,803 (9%) | Defeated |
| Don-Terry Veal | Democratic | 5,899 (5%) | Defeated |
Governor of Louisiana, 1999
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, October 23, 1999
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Mike Foster | Republican | 805,203 (62%) | Elected |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 382,445 (30%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 107,557 (8%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 2000
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, November 7, 2000
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | No Opponents | Elected |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 2002
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, November 5, 2002
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 90,310 (64%) | Elected |
| Irma Muse Dixon | Democratic | 28,480 (20%) | Defeated |
| Silky Sullivan | Republican | 15,440 (11%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 7,926 (5%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 2004
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, November 2, 2004
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 173,510 (79%) | Elected |
| Art Schwertz | Republican | 46,097 (21%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 2006
Threshold > 50%
First Ballot, November 7, 2006
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 27,706 (30%) | Runoff |
| Karen Carter | Democratic | 19,972 (22%) | Runoff |
| Derrick Shepherd | Democratic | 16,621 (18%) | Defeated |
| Joe Lavigne | Republican | 12,405 (13%) | Defeated |
| Troy Carter | Democratic | 11,052 (12%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 4,661 (5%) | Defeated |
Second Ballot, December 9, 2006
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 35,153 (57%) | Elected |
| Karen Carter | Democratic | 27,011 (43%) | Defeated |
U. S. Representative, 2nd Congressional District, 2008
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
| Joseph Cao | Republican | 33,122 (49.55%) | Elected |
| Bill Jefferson | Democratic | 31,296 (46.82%) | Defeated |
| Others | n.a. | 2,428 (3.63%) | Defeated |
William J. Jefferson
William Jennings "Bill" Jefferson (born March 14, 1947) is a former American politician, and a published author[1] from the U.S. state of Louisiana. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for nine terms from 1991 to 2009 as a member of the Democratic Party. He represented Louisiana's 2nd congressional district, which includes much of the greater New Orleans area. He was Louisiana's first black congressman since the end of Reconstruction.[2]
Suspecting him of bribery, the FBI raided his Congressional offices in May 2006, but he was re-elected later that year. On June 4, 2007, a federal grand jury indicted Jefferson on sixteen charges related to corruption.[3] Jefferson was defeated by Republican Joseph Cao on December 6, 2008,[4] being the most senior Democrat to lose re-election that year.[5] In 2009 he was tried in Virginia on corruption charges.[6] On August 5, 2009, he was found guilty of 11 of the 16 corruption counts.[7] Jefferson's lawyers have promised to appeal, a gesture which New Orleans former U.S. attorney Harry Rosenberg told the Times-Picayune may work in Jefferson's favor because the jury failed to convict him on all 16 of the indictment counts.[8] Jefferson was sentenced to 13 years on November 13, 2009, the longest sentence ever handed down to a congressman for bribery.[9]
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Early life and family
Jefferson was born in Lake Providence, a small village in East Carroll Parish in far northeastern Louisiana, where he and his eight brothers and sisters worked alongside their father – a farmer and a heavy-equipment operator for the Army Corps of Engineers. The Jeffersons were among the few African-American families in the area who actually owned their land (as opposed to sharecropping), which gave them a certain degree of respectability in the community. Nonetheless, he grew up in an environment of strong poverty.[10]
Although neither of his parents had graduated from high school, Jefferson graduated from G. W. Griffin High School in Lake Providence, Louisiana, in 1965.[11] In 1969 he received a bachelor's degree from Southern University, where he had participated in Army ROTC; in 1969 he led a protest against substandard campus facilities and negotiated a resolution of the complaint with then-Governor John McKeithen. On graduation from Southern University he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army and served in a reserve capacity until 1975.[12] He earned a J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1972 and a LLM in Taxation from Georgetown University Law Center in 1996. In 1972 and 1973 Jefferson began the practice of law while initially serving as a clerk for Judge Alvin B. Rubin of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana. From 1973 to 1975, he was a legislative assistant to U.S. Senator J. Bennett Johnston, Jr., of Louisiana.
Jefferson is married to Andrea Jefferson. Together they have five daughters: Jamila Jefferson-Jones, Jalila Jefferson-Bullock (a former Louisiana State Representative), Jelani Jefferson Exum (a professor of law at the University of Kansas), Nailah Jefferson (a documentary filmmaker), and Akilah Jefferson.
Jamila, Jalila, and Jelani are all graduates of Harvard College and Harvard Law School. Nailah is a graduate of Boston University and Emerson College. Akilah is a graduate of Brown University and now a student at Tulane University School of Medicine.
On June 9, 2009, prosecutors in William Jefferson's corruption trial released a 152-page list of trial exhibits including a list of Jefferson's daughters and the elite colleges they attended, asserting that his daughters and the colleges they attended were the beneficiaries of bribes paid to ANJ Group in exchange for Jefferson's assistance in securing contracts for American companies in western Africa.[13]
Jefferson is the brother of New Orleans assessor Betty Jefferson, a Democratic field operative; convicted felon Mose Jefferson;[14] and of Archie Jefferson and Brenda Jefferson Foster. He is the uncle of Angela Coleman.
In 2009, Betty, Mose, Angela Coleman, and Mose's longtime compainion, former New Orleans City Councilwoman Renée Gill Pratt, were under indictment for violating the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. On June 5, 2009, all the defendants pleaded not guilty. Brenda Jefferson Foster is serving as a witness in the government's case against them.[15] Mose Jefferson is also facing a separate trial for bribing Orleans Parish School Board president Ellenese Brooks-Simms.[16] Archie Jefferson is a convicted felon.[17] On July 28, 2009,United States federal judge Ivan L. R. Lemelle delayed the start of the racketeering trial to January 25, 2010. The bribery trial of Mose Jefferson alone was still set to begin on August 10, 2009.[18]
[edit] Political Career in New Orleans
Jefferson moved to New Orleans in 1976 and was elected to the Louisiana Senate in 1979, where he served until 1990. He twice unsuccessfully ran for New Orleans mayor, first challenging Dutch Morial in the election of 1982, and then being defeated by Sidney Barthelemy in the mayoral runoff of 1986.[19] During the 1982 mayoral race, Morial attacked Jefferson by calling him "Dollar Bill" – a nickname which has stuck to this day. Still, Jefferson was considered a rising star in Louisiana politics, with some even suggesting he would be his state's second African-American governor.[10]
In 1990, midway through his third term in the state senate, Jefferson ran in the jungle primary for Louisiana's 2nd congressional district seat after 10-term incumbent Lindy Boggs announced her retirement. He finished first in the seven-candidate field with 24 percent of the vote. In the runoff, he defeated Marc Morial, the son of Dutch Morial, with 52 percent of the vote. He was reelected seven times.
In the House, Jefferson joined the Congressional Black Caucus.[20]
Jefferson ran for governor in the 1999 jungle primary, and was the de facto "official" Democratic candidate. However, he lost badly to incumbent Republican Mike Foster, tallying only 29.5 percent of the vote and carrying only New Orleans (which is coextensive with Orleans Parish).
[edit] Local influence
Jefferson and his family controlled one of the most sophisticated and effective get-out-the-vote organizations in South Louisiana – the Progressive Democrats – the foil to which is the Black Organization for Leadership Development (BOLD), founded by Jefferson nemeses Ken Carter and Jim Singleton. In 2002, the Progressive Democrats' support helped elect Jefferson's protégée Renée Gill Pratt as a Councilmember. Jefferson's daughter Jalila was defeated by Rosalind Peychaud in a special election for Gill Pratt's District 91 seat in the Louisiana State House, but subsequently defeated Peychaud in the next regular election. Jefferson's Progressive Democrats organization also contributed to the election of Jefferson's sister Betty, as a municipal assessor, in 1998, 2002 and 2006. New Orleans politics substantially changed after Hurricane Katrina in 2005, with many former voters no longer in the city. Laura Maggi has described Mose Jefferson as "the man responsible for running the Progressive Democrats street operation" in New Orleans.[21]
A few days after Hurricane Katrina hit, Jefferson used a National Guard detachment to recover personal effects and belongings from his home.[22] After the truck in which he and the detachment traveled became stuck, the Guard helicopter aided Jefferson's party while rescue operations where still ongoing.
[edit] Voting Record
 | This section requires expansion. |
[edit] Corruption investigation
The investigation began in mid-2005, after an investor alleged $400,000 in bribes were paid through a company maintained in the name of Jefferson's spouse and children. The money came from a tech company named iGate, Inc., of Louisville, Kentucky, and in return, it is alleged, Jefferson would help iGate's business. Jefferson was to persuade the U.S. Army to test iGate's broadband two-way technology and other iGate products; use his efforts to influence high-ranking officials in Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon; and meet with personnel of the Export-Import Bank of the United States, in order to facilitate potential financing for iGate business deals in those countries.[23]
On 30 July 2005, Jefferson was videotaped by the FBI receiving $100,000 worth of $100 bills in a leather briefcase at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Arlington, Virginia.[24] Jefferson told an investor, Lori Mody, who was wearing a wire, that he would need to give Nigerian Vice President Atiku Abubakar $500,000 "as a motivating factor" to make sure they obtained contracts for iGate and Mody's company in Nigeria.[25]
A few days later, on 3 August 2005, FBI agents raided Jefferson's home in Northeast Washington and, as noted in an 83-page affidavit filed to support a subsequent raid on his Congressional office, "found $90,000 of the cash in the freezer, in $10,000 increments wrapped in aluminum foil and stuffed inside frozen-food containers." Serial numbers found on the currency in the freezer matched serial numbers of funds given by the FBI to their informant.
Late on the night of May 20, 2006, FBI agents executed a search warrant[26] at Jefferson's office in the Rayburn House Office Building. This is "believed to be the first-ever FBI raid on a Congressional office,"[27] raising concerns that it could "set a dangerous precedent that could be used by future administrations to intimidate or harass a supposedly coequal branch of the government." The raid led to an irony that one of Democrat Jefferson's staunchest defenders in the turf battle between the FBI and Congress became Dennis Hastert, who was Speaker of the House and a Republican.[28]
The affidavit used to support these raids alleged:
- The FBI videotaped Jefferson receiving a stock certificate from Mody for a company set up in Nigeria to promote iGate's technology. Jefferson predicted the deal would generate $200 million annually after five years.
- Jefferson told Mody that he wanted a similar financial stake in the business in Ghana.
- Jefferson sought $10 million in financing from Mody to take over iGate and install "confidants" on the new board. In two payments, Mody wired $89,225 to the ANJ Group LLC, a company controlled by Jefferson's family.
- Jefferson lent $4,800 of the money Mody gave him to an unnamed congressional aide. Another $4,900 was given back to the FBI by one of Jefferson's attorneys.
- The FBI claims it has uncovered "at least seven other schemes in which Jefferson sought things of value in return for his official acts."
[edit] Former aides' guilty pleas
In January 2006, Brett M. Pfeffer, a former aide to Jefferson, implicated him in a corruption scheme involving an Internet company being set up in Nigeria. Pfeffer was president of an investment company in McLean, Virginia. In return for political support for the deal, Jefferson had legal work directed toward the Jefferson family's operations. It was also said that a daughter of Jefferson was put on retainer of the Virginia investment company to the tune of $5,000 a month. Jefferson is said to have arranged for his family a 5-percent to 7-percent ownership stake in the Nigerian internet company. On January 11, 2006, in federal court in Alexandria, Virginia, Pfeffer pled guilty to charges of conspiracy and aiding and abetting bribery of a public official.[29] On May 26, he was sentenced to eight years.[30]
On May 3, 2006, during a plea hearing in U.S. District Court, Vernon Jackson, 53, CEO of Louisville, Kentucky-based iGate Inc., pled guilty to bribery of a public official and conspiracy to bribe a public official. According to the Associated Press, "court documents make clear that Congressman William Jefferson (Democrat-Louisiana) is the accused congressman, without naming him." Jackson's plea bargain requires his cooperation in the ongoing investigation against the congressman he admits bribing. The total amount of the bribes is between $400,000 and $1 million, according to court documents of the Jackson proceeding.[31] On September 8, Jackson was sentenced to 7 years and 3 months in jail.[32]
[edit] Congressional office raid
The raid of Jefferson's office set off a series of political events: Jefferson immediately challenged the action in federal court. House Speaker Dennis Hastert and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi issued "a rare joint statement demanding that the FBI return the documents and saying that Jefferson then should cooperate more fully with the investigation."[33] "Many Republicans and Democrats contend that the unprecedented raid on a congressional office was unduly aggressive and may have breached the constitutional separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches of government that are meant to shelter lawmakers from administrative intimidation."[34] Tensions escalated to the point where – according to AP – Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, his deputy Paul McNulty, and possibly FBI Director Robert Mueller "were said to be ready to quit if the Justice Department was asked to return the Jefferson documents ... [while the] House was threatening to go after the Justice Department's budget."[35]
On May 25, President Bush stepped in, taking the extraordinary step of "directing the Department of Justice to seal all the materials recovered from Congressman Jefferson's office for the next 45 days and not to allow access to anyone involved in the investigation."[36] Representative James Sensenbrenner, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, began to hold hearings – called "Reckless Justice: Did the Saturday Night Raid of Congress Trample the Constitution?" – on the "profoundly disturbing" questions that Sensenbrenner said the Justice Department's actions raised.
The FBI, in answering Jefferson's complaint of the raid, attached an FBI agent's affidavit claiming that the raid was necessary because, while the FBI was searching Jefferson's home in August, Jefferson tried to "surreptitiously remove" documents.[37]
An ABC News poll released 1 June 2006 found 86% of Americans supported the FBI's right to search congressional offices when they obtain a warrant.[38]
On July 10, 2006, Chief Judge Thomas F. Hogan for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, ruled that the FBI raid on Jefferson's office was legal,[39] rejecting the claim of both Jefferson and the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the United States House of Representatives that the search violated the Constitution's Speech or Debate Clause, separation of powers principle, and the Fourth Amendment. Chief Judge Hogan, in a 28-page ruling, acknowledged that the "facts and questions of law presented here are indeed unprecedented," but wrote that it is "well-established" that a Congressman is "generally bound to the operation of the criminal laws as are ordinary persons," and that the Speech or Debate Clause does not "make Members of Congress super-citizens, immune from criminal responsibility.'"[40] Hogan, in his conclusion, wrote:
- "The existing broad protections of the Speech or Debate Clause – absolute immunity from prosecution or suit for legislative acts and freedom from being 'questioned' about those acts (including privilege from the testimonial act of producing documents in response to a subpoena) – satisfy the fundamental purpose of the Clause to protect the independence of the legislature. The Court declines to extend those protections further, holding that the Speech or Debate Clause does not shield Members of Congress from the execution of valid search warrants. Congressman Jefferson's interpretation of the Speech or Debate privilege would have the effect of converting every congressional office into a taxpayer-subsidized sanctuary for crime. Such a result is not supported by the Constitution or judicial precedent and will not be adopted here. See Williamson v. United States, 28 S. Ct. at 167 ('[T]he laws of this country allow no place or employment as a sanctuary for crime.') (quotation omitted).[41]
Later, however, in that same month, a three-judge appellate panel unanimously overruled Hogan's decision and affirmed that the Department of Justice could not review Jefferson's files until Jefferson had seen what files were taken and which of those pertained to his work as a legislator. The appellate court directed that Hogan, the judge who originally authorized the controversial search and seizure, should ascertain whether Jefferson's claims of legislative privilege extended to specific seized files that the lawmaker might cite.[42] On March 31, 2008, the United States Supreme Court denied further review.[43]
[edit] Removal of committee membership
On May 24, 2006, after months of refusing to deal with the Jefferson scandal amid rising public outrage, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi publicly requested Jefferson's immediate resignation from the House Ways and Means Committee, but he declined to step down.[44] Although Mel Watt, then chair of the Congressional Black Caucus, declared the strong support of the caucus for Jefferson, it has since been reported that two prominent members of the caucus – John Lewis (D-GA) and Charles B. Rangel (D-NY) – played major roles in the campaign to force Jefferson to step down.[45]
On June 15, 2006, House Democrats voted to strip Jefferson of his committee assignment while the federal bribery investigation continued. The intra-party vote passed 99 to 58. Some[who?] have reported that the vote was passed as a result of Democrats who were determined to make an election-year point about ethics.[citation needed] The full House, the only group with the power actually to remove Jefferson, then stripped him of his seat on the committee on June 16 in a voice vote without debate. Jefferson had offered to step aside temporarily if the Democratic caucus established a rule concerning cases like his and if his seat went to Rep. Charlie Melancon (D-LA). This offer was rejected by House Democratic leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi.[46]
[edit] 2006 election
In the ensuing 2006 election cycle for Louisiana's 2nd congressional district, eight Democrats, three Republicans, and one Libertarian challengers stood for election against Jefferson.[47]
A significant number of the district’s former voters have settled in new places across the United States as a result of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
None of the candidates obtained more than 50% of the vote on the first ballot (November 7, 2006), forcing a runoff. The two candidates who survived the first ballot were both African-American Democrats: Jefferson got 30% of the vote, and State Representative Karen Carter, who enjoyed support from the Louisiana Democratic Party’s establishment, picked up nearly all endorsements from local politicians and the local press and gathered 22% of the vote.[48] Carter was Jefferson's first credible challenger since his initial run for Congress.
Political commentators predicted an easy victory for Carter on the second ballot (to be held on December 9, 2006).[49] In the last week of campaign, however, Jefferson Parish Sheriff Harry Lee, a law and order Democrat, urged voters not to vote for Carter. In response to Carter's criticism of Gretna police officers and Jefferson Parish deputies, who had blocked the Crescent City Connection and prevented evacuees from fleeing New Orleans in the aftermath of Katrina, Lee mailed out 25,000 fliers and made public statements attacking Carter. With this background the situation was particularly emotional and visceral as Orleans Parish is predominantly black and Jefferson Parish predominantly white (although not the part of Jefferson Parish in Louisiana's 2nd congressional district).[50]
Voter turnout dwindled from 24.15% to 16.25%. While residents of the city of New Orleans gave Jefferson a slight majority over Carter, (51% to 49%); the Jefferson Parish share of the district voted for Jefferson by a staggering 71% to 29%, clearly swinging the election in his favor.
Following Jefferson's reelection, Speaker-elect Nancy Pelosi announced that Jefferson would not regain his seat on the Ways and Means Committee as long as he is not "cleared of wrongdoing in an ongoing federal corruption probe".[51]
[edit] Indictment, Trial, Conviction and Sentencing
On June 4, 2007 Jefferson was indicted on 16 charges of corruption by a federal grand jury. On June 8, 2007, Jefferson pled not guilty to the charges. After the hearing, Jefferson said, "I am absolutely innocent of the charges that have been leveled against me. I'm going to fight my heart out to clear my name." He further explained: "The $90,000 was the FBI's money. The FBI gave it to me as part of its plan — part of their plan — that I would give it to the Nigerian vice president, but I did not do that. When all the facts are understood, I trust that I will be vindicated."[52] The FBI has denied working with Jefferson.
Jefferson appealed the indictment, on 14 of the 16 counts, by claiming "legislative immunity provided by the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution"; in November 2008, however, Judge Robert King rejected the appeal and upheld the indictment on all 16 counts.[53][54] Jefferson's 4th Circuit Court of Appeals trial had originally been set to begin on December 2, 2008,[55] but was postponed until January 15. 2009, (after the December 6, 2008, general election in Louisiana's 2nd congressional district). Jefferson's attorneys sought "issuance of a mandate" in petitioning the U.S. Supreme Court to oblige postponement of Jefferson's trial by lower courts. Quoted by Bruce Alpert of the Times-Picayune Washington Bureau, Jefferson's lawyers based their petition for postponement in part on an argument that "Once a trial takes place, the injury caused by exposure to trial cannot be undone, even if he [Jefferson] is acquitted or a conviction is subsequently reversed" (the "injury" being in the context of Jefferson's December 6, 2008, election loss to Anh "Joseph" Cao). As of December 24, 2008, a status hearing continued to be scheduled by U.S. District Court Judge T. S. Ellis III, sitting in Alexandria, Virginia, for January 15, 2009, when the schedule or other specific future of the case would be promulgated. The federal prosecutors disputed the request for postponement as merely a stalling maneuver which would facilitate "further prejudice" against "not a close case" according to prosecutor Mark Daniel Lytle.[56] The Times-Picayune consistently alleged and reported efforts by Jefferson's attorneys to delay the trial or limit the prosecution.[57] The trial continued to be set for beginning on May 26, 2009.[58] On May 8, however, Federal Judge T. S. Ellis III – on request from Jefferson's attorney Robert P. Trout "for two to three additional weeks" – delayed the trial opening date by one week, to June 2.[59]
On May 27, after a contentious hearing with defense attorney Robert Trout and prosecutor Mark Lytle, Judge T. S. Ellis III delayed the trial opening until June 9.[60] About the same time, developments surrounding Gill Pratt's decision to go on an unpaid leave of absence from her administrative job at Southern University at New Orleans prompted columnist Stephanie Grace to surmise that Jefferson was losing his clout at the New Orleans institution, where his wife Andrea Green Jefferson is also an administrator.[61] On June 7, two days before the trial opening, the Times-Picayune published a lengthy analysis of the allegations and supposed participants.[62]
In the weeks before the trial Jefferson's lawyers, as described by the Times-Picayune, had concentrated on jury selection.[63] The challenge before them was not reduced by a couple of events in the 2 weeks before the trial date. First, Angela Coleman (daughter of Betty Jefferson and thus the former congressman's niece), told a federal court that she could not afford to continue hiring lawyer John Fuller; the court-assigned public defender Virginia Schlueter to the case, which concerns Coleman's alleged involvement in misappropriation (of more than $600,000 in state and federal grant funding) by Betty Jefferson, Mose Jefferson, and Renée Gill Pratt.[64] Second, a transcript of tapes of a 2005 dinner conversation between William J. Jefferson and Virginia businesswoman and prosecution witness Lori Mody obtained by the Times-Picayune turned out to be so clear as to include observations of their dessert preferences and even "stomach grumbling" sounds.[65] For various reasons the prosecution decided not to call Mody to testify in person but merely to rely on the taped conversations[66]—a decision perceived by many as weakening the prosecution's case.[67]
Jury selection began June 9, 2009.[6] Extent and accuracy of prior knowledge of the case were major concerns in selection of jurors. By June 14, 2009, twelve jurors (eight women, four men) had been selected from a pool of more than a hundred potential jurors.[68]
On June 24, 2009, iGate CEO Vernon Jackson, testifying in the court, alleged that in 2002 he felt coerced into continuing to be involved in the Nigerian deal with William J. Jefferson because an attempt by then-chancellor Joseph Bouie to remove Jefferson's wife, Andrea Jefferson, as vice chancellor for academic affairs at SUNO for reasons involving nepotism instead resulted in the removal of Bouie.[69]
On July 7, 2009, a federal jury was shown a video of Jefferson accepting a suitcase filled with $100,000 in cash outside a northern Virginia hotel. In the video, it was reported that Jefferson seemed wary of accepting the money in public. The FBI recorded the exchange from four different angles, and all were shown to the jury.[70]
On August 5, 2009, Jefferson was convicted on 11 of the 16 corruption charges against him.[71] On August 6, 2009, Jefferson went back to court for forfeiture proceedings. His defense argued that much of the money the government wished to seize was from legitimate business enterprise and his "passion for Africa." Jefferson and family was held liable to forfeit more than $470,000 of this bribe money paid to sham companies under the family's control. The jury also found ANJ Group could be required to surrender millions of shares of stock in a Kentucky technology company and a Nigerian telecommunications venture. The $470,000 included $21,353 which the former congressman's brother, Mose, received in bribe payments and which was ultimately used to help pay off Andrea Jefferson's credit-card debt, and helped pay for Jelani Jefferson's Harvard Law School tuition.[72]
On August 30, 2009, the Times-Picayune reported that William J. Jefferson and his attorneys had requested that he be retried.[73]
On September 21, 2009, Federal Judge T.S. Ellis III denied Jefferson's request for a new trial.[74]
On November 13, 2009, Jefferson was sentenced to 13 years for bribery, the longest sentence ever handed down to a congressman for bribery.[9]
[edit] 2008 election
In 2008, Jefferson sought re-election. Seven Democrats challenged him for the seat in the Democratic primary.[75]
In the October 4, 2008 Democratic primary, opposition to Jefferson was split among six contenders. Some of the challengers made strong showings in their base neighborhoods but failed to garner much support in other parts of the district. Jefferson ran second, third, or even fourth in many precincts, but his 25 percent total was enough to give him a plurality and to send him into the runoff primary, where he faced Helena Moreno, a former TV newscaster, on November 4. Aided by overwhelming support from African-American voters on the same date as the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama drew them to the polls in unprecedented numbers, Jefferson won the Democratic nomination in the congressional party primary which barred the district's 41 thousand Republicans and many of its 84 thousand other voters not registered as Democrats.[76][77] Jefferson won the November 4 Democratic runoff.[78]
The general election round occurred on December 6, 2008. Jefferson faced Republican candidate Anh "Joseph" Cao, Green Party candidate Malik Rahim, and Libertarian Party candidate Gregory Kahn. An earlier candidate, independent Jerry Jacobs, withdrew.[79]
Jefferson was defeated in the general election on December 6, 2008 in a major upset by Republican nominee Cao,[4] who had endorsements from several prominent Democrats including Moreno and City Councilwomen Jacquelyn Brechtel Clarkson and Stacy Head. Mayor Nagin endorsed Jefferson. Cao won by three percentage points. Jefferson thus became only the third Democratic incumbent since the end of Reconstruction to lose to a Republican at the federal level in Louisiana.
Jefferson's loss evoked a sensation because of the overwhelmingly Democratic nature of the district; with a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+28, it is the third-most Democratic district in the South. Democrats usually win local and state races in landslides, and Barack Obama carried the district with 72 percent of the vote in the 2008 presidential election.
Jefferson became only the third African-American U.S. Representative to be defeated in a general election.[80]
[edit] Future election prospects
According to Stephanie Grace, in a Times-Picayune column on March 19, 2009, Jefferson's supporters have been attempting to rehabilitate Jefferson by sending thousands of e-mails attacking Cao, U.S. Senator David Vitter, radio commentator Rush Limbaugh, and other Republicans but that still
-
- Jefferson's quest for acquittal is the challenge of a lifetime. And no matter how many e-mails his remaining "friends" send out, vindication in the eyes of the voters will be even tougher.[81]
On April 12, 2009, Times-Picayune columnist James Gill cited the emergence of a group styling itself "Friends of Congressman William J. Jefferson" and opined that the group should change its name to "Friends of ex-Congressman William J. Jefferson"; Gill, reporting Jefferson's argument that 14 of the 16 felony counts against him should be thrown out as not statutorily definable as bribery, concluded that
-
- Beating 14 counts would be a great coup for any defendant, but the joy must be somewhat diminished for one who is facing 16.[82]
Gill had taken note that on May 14, 2009 the "Friends" planned to stage a "Celebration of Service" for Jefferson, with Jefferson's trial to begin 2 weeks later.[83] "Spirited Appreciation Celebration with Acknowledgment, Music, Dance and Fellowship" was the "Friends" official description of the "Celebration of Service" program, which went on as scheduled.[84] Within days after the "Celebration of Service" Gill published an allegation that long-time associates of Jefferson had orchestrated the New Orleans e-mail controversy as a means to embarrass and weaken Democrat Stacy Head, who had in 2006 defeated Jefferson protégée Renée Gill Pratt and in 2008 had endorsed Republican Joseph Cao's successful attempt to unseat Jefferson.[85]
In 2000, Jefferson was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.[86]
In August 2009, after his conviction, William J. Jefferson and his wife, Andrea Jefferson applied for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. The Times-Picayune estimated that the claimed debts totaled between $1 million and $10 million.[87] Furthermore, in October 2009 the Louisiana Supreme Court placed Jefferson (a licensed attorney) on interim suspension from the practice of law.[
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